![]() The latter is one of the main reasons why patients are initially falsely reassured that their symptoms cannot be of any importance. Most patients with early PDAC are asymptomatic and initial symptoms are often vague, non-specific and intermittent. The most frequent age range of diagnosis for both genders was 60–69 years. From the outdated South African National Cancer Registry (2014), a tissue based registry known for under-reporting, the number of pancreatic cancer patients diagnosed nationally was 167 males and 176 females (48.7% vs 51.3%, respectively), with the highest incidences in patients from Caucasian ethnicity amongst both genders (50.9% and 50.6%, respectively). Studies from the USA report considerably higher incidence rates of PDAC in Black patients than in any other racial group (1975–2014) and this is mirrored by mortality rates. ![]() Pancreatic cancer generally refers to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), accounting for approximately 85% of all pancreatic neoplasms. Moreover, median survival remains poor even after surgical resection. As an aggressive malignancy which is associated with a high metastatic risk, only approximately 10–20% of patients are diagnosed when the tumour is resectable and overall the median survival is less than one year with mortality to incidence ratio unchanged over the past two decades. Pancreatic cancer is the ninth and tenth most common cancer globally in women and men, respectively, with the lowest survival rate for all stages combined when compared to other cancers. MRC CERCP15 Pancreas South African Medical Research Council MS conceived the study design, data interpretation, critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Data are available from the University of the Witwatersrand Ethics Committee (contact via for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data.įunding: MS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Data cannot be shared publicly because of restrictions from the Human Research Ethics Committee. Received: JAccepted: DecemPublished: January 12, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Kruger et al. Citation: Kruger D, Lahoud N, Yako YY, Devar J, Smith M (2022) Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Prognostic indicators of advanced disease.
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